Coral connectivity between equatorial eastern Pacific Marine protected areas : A biophysical modeling approach

ABSTRAC

There are many marine protected areas (MPAs) containing coral reef aggregations in the
eastern Pacific region. However, the connectivity of corals between MPAs is still poorly
known, especially in the Marine Conservation Corridor of the Eastern Tropical Pacific
(MCCETP). Here, we assess the potential connectivity of corals across equatorial eastern
Pacific MPAs through a Lagrangian particle-tracking algorithm coupled offline with an
ocean-circulation numerical model. Connectivity metrics and graph theory were used to
analyze the networks and highlight those MPAs that are critical for maintaining the connectivity of corals across the region. Our results show that the equatorial eastern Pacific MPAs
form a relatively well-connected network, at least 40% of coral larvae released per year end
up within the boundaries of an MPA. MPAs like Malpelo and Gorgona islands included in the
MCCETP were found to be critical for connectivity of corals because of their high betweenness centrality and potential role as stepping-stones between coastal MPAs and offshore
MPAs such as the Galapagos Islands. Two pelagic larval duration (PLD) scenarios (40 and
130 days) indicate a quasi-unidirectional larval flow from coastal MPAs toward oceanic
MPAs, where the only resilient MPAs (Coiba and Malpelo islands) depend mostly on subsidiary recruitment from MPAs located along the coast of Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia.
In the two PLD scenarios, Cocos Island maintains a very low resilience potential. Our results
indicate the imperative need to include coastal MPAs in the MCCETP network initiative,
since connectivity and resilience of coral reefs in the equatorial eastern Pacific region rely
heavily on coastal MPAs.

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